The Difference in Police Deviance and Corruption Peer Reviewed Articles

Law Misconduct

Timothy M. Maher

• Final REVIEWED: 20 July 2017
• Final MODIFIED: 29 May 2015
• DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0186

Introduction

Police misconduct, as well called police deviance, refers to inappropriate deportment taken past police officers in connection with their official duties. Coming up with a universally accustomed definition of police misconduct is a daunting and vexing chore, however, considering it includes an extremely wide diverseness of police force behaviors for which a police officer can be punished or disciplined. Some people suggest that constabulary misconduct is really a "generic term" that includes whatever behaviors that are inconsistent with the official authorization, organizational dominance, or values and standards of ethical police behave. Whether a police officer's action constitutes misconduct is often subjective, withal, and can depend on the social context of the behavior and who is asked (e.k., police administrators, beau officers, members of the public, criminal suspects, the media, court officials). Many people debate that law misconduct must not only include deportment taken by police officers that are in directly connection to their official duties, but as well any inappropriate behavior by law officers, on-duty as well every bit off-duty, wherever and whenever an officeholder uses his or her authority and power as a police force officer to commit an illegal or inappropriate act. Still others suggest that existing definitions of police misconduct are difficult to apply to actual cases, and that new classification schemes are likely necessary. This bibliography volition primarily focus on law misconduct in the The states, although reference will be made to misconduct in its various forms, as well as the mechanisms for controlling such behavior, in countries other than the The states. Information technology provides insight to about types of police deviance, but it primarily focuses on the most serious, oftentimes criminal varieties of police misconduct. These are the acts that are frequently identified in media accounts of police wrongdoing, business relationship for many denizen complaints confronting law enforcement officers, and sometimes issue in criminal and/or civil litigation against police officers and their employers.

General Overviews

Police misconduct and deviance has been explored in a diversity of ways from a variety of perspectives. Even and then, the empirical study of police misconduct has been largely neglected. The full general lack of information and records, and the access by social scientists to existing police data and records related to incidents of police misconduct, has historically been problematic. This is starting to change, however, every bit more than police force administrators are beginning to provide researchers access to critical information needed to study the nature and extent of police misconduct. Much constabulary misconduct remains hidden, notwithstanding, and therefore the true extent of such behavior is unclear. No exam of police misconduct would exist consummate without a wait at Skolnick 1994 (start published in 1966). Skolnick was one of the first scholars to analyze the problems involved in obtaining police adherence to legally prescribed procedural limitations on their conduct. An important development in the way police misconduct is conceptualized and studied came to light in the study compiled by the Commission to Investigate Alleged Police force Corruption, known informally every bit the Knapp Commission (see Knapp Committee 1972), which was created to investigate abuse within the New York City Police Department. The report identified ii particular classes of corrupt police force officer: "Grass Eaters" and "Meat Eaters." This classification refers to lilliputian corruption based on opportunistic circumstances, ofttimes under peer pressure, or "eating grass," and ambitious premeditated major abuse, or "eating meat." To fully understand police force beliefs, ane must consider the police officer's view. Van Maanen 1995 provides a archetype ethnography of police officers' worldview, and how that view leads to corruption of authority and the disrespect of citizens. Lundman 1980 examines the sociological perspective of police deviance and suggests that corruption and deviance are not uncommon, and are nowadays in nearly all police agencies that accept been studied, but that the extent of deviance varies considerably from 1 agency to the side by side. Barker and Carter 1994 takes an extensive await at law misconduct. This book is divided into five parts that identify the fundamental concepts of constabulary deviance, as well as the diverse forms of such behavior. Barker and Carter also devote several capacity to the control of police force misconduct. Kappeler, et al. 1998 provides an overview of constabulary deviance. It draws on contributions of many leading scholars in policing, criminology, and sociology to enhance the conceptual understanding of police deviance. The Cato Found oversees the National Constabulary Misconduct Reporting Project, which gathers, evaluates, and publicizes credible media accounts of police misconduct from around the United states of america. The establish also identifies and critiques law policies directed at helping to control police misconduct.

• Barker, Thomas, and David L. Carter. 1994. Police deviance. 3d ed. Cincinnati: Anderson.

  This text addresses the fundamental concepts of police deviance, law occupational deviance, law abuse of authorisation, and the management of police deviance. It offers ideas and perspectives aimed at generating fence and policy-oriented activity in dealing with police misconduct.

• Kappeler, Victor E., Richard D. Sluder, and Geoffrey P. Alpert. 1998. Forces of deviance: Understanding the dark side of policing. 2d ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.

  This text provides an analysis of constabulary deviance every bit the product of the arrangement of the occupation, the expectations of society, and the perceptions and interpretations of the role of the police. It examines the police working surroundings, the ideology and civilization of police, and police officers' motives and justifications for engaging in police misconduct.

• Knapp Committee. 1972. The Knapp Commission study on police corruption. New York: George Braziller.

  This investigation consisted of hearings overseen by a five-member panel to look into corruption inside the New York City police section. The commission uncovered and confirmed the existence of widespread corruption and made a number of recommendations.

• Lundman, Richard J. 1980. Police force behavior: A sociological perspective. New York: Oxford Univ. Printing.

  This text presents a sociological perspective on constabulary behavior and addresses issues associated with a diversity of police-citizen encounters. Lundman provides considerable insight into police force misconduct and their exercise of discretion.

• National Police Misconduct Reporting Project. Cato Institute.

  The purpose of this project is to get together reports of credible allegations of police misconduct so policymakers (and others) can make informed assessments of the nature and circumstances of police misconduct, and consider proposals that can minimize wrongdoing. Quarterly and annual constabulary misconduct statistical reports are provided by this projection.

• Skolnick, Jerome H. 1994. Justice without trial: Police enforcement in a democratic society. 4th ed. New York: Macmillan.

  Skolnick'due south book, showtime published in 1966, analyzes the bug related to police adherence to legally prescribed procedural limitations on their behavior. It is a foundational report of police culture and practice, police accountability, and rule of constabulary.

• van Maanen, John. 1995. The asshole. In Constabulary and social club: Touchstone readings. Edited by Victor E. Kappeler, 307–328. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.

  Van Maanen's ethnography explores the attitudes and typologies that police officers develop to classify and control citizens. He closely examines the handling of suspects and the bug associated with distributing "street justice."

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